Fault tolerance vs high availability

The difference between fault tolerance and high availability, is this: A fault tolerant environment has no service interruption but a significantly higher cost, while a highly available environment has a minimal service interruption.

Fault tolerance relies on specialized hardware to detect a hardware fault and instantaneously switch to a redundant hardware component.

High availability combines software with industry-standard hardware to minimize downtime by quickly restoring essential services when a system, component, or application fails.

ประโยชน์ของหัวข้อ ปัญหาและอุปสรรค

ทำให้ผู้อ่านทราบว่าผู้ศึกษาจะได้เรียนรู้อะไรบ้างในการแก้ปัญหาเหล่านั้น ดังนั้นหัวข้อนี้ควรเพิ่มแนวทางการแก้ไขปัญหาตรงไปด้วย

peer review (พิชญพิจารณ์)

พิชญ์ = นักปราชญ์

พิจารณ์ = พิจารณา

เป็นวิธีการที่ดีกว่าการโหวตซึ่งนับหนึ่งเสียงเท่ากันหมดไม่ว่าคนยกมือโหวตจะรู้เรื่องหรือไม่รู้เรื่องหรือรู้ไม่จริง

Multidiscipline VS Interdiscipline

• Multidiscipline: In a multidisciplinary approach, experts from different disciplines work together on a project, but they generally stay within their own fields. Each discipline contributes its own perspective and methods, and the integration of these contributions happens at the boundaries of the disciplines. For example, a multidisciplinary team working on climate change might include meteorologists, biologists, and economists, each addressing the problem from their own disciplinary standpoint.
• Interdiscipline: In an interdisciplinary approach, there is a deeper integration of knowledge from different disciplines. Experts collaborate more closely to develop new methods or theories that blend concepts from their respective fields. The goal is to create a new, cohesive understanding or solution that transcends the boundaries of individual disciplines. For example, an interdisciplinary team working on a new technology might integrate principles from engineering, computer science, and design to develop a novel product.

In summary, while multidisciplinary approaches involve separate contributions from different fields, interdisciplinary approaches seek to merge these contributions into a unified framework.

A Broader Term cross-discipline is a more general term that encompasses both interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches.

cf. ChatGPT

Banking SaaS & PaaS

 https://www.thoughtmachine.net/

AWS quantum computing service

Amazon Braket

https://aws.amazon.com/braket/

Gunicorn (Web Server Gateway Interface: WSGI)

The standard web servers such as Apache, and NGINX (pronounced engine-x) don’t know how to communicate with your Python applications. Web servers receive the request from a client(Web browser) and return a response. WSGI provides that bridge of your need to communicate between your Web Server and Web Application. Through multi-threading, WSGI also handles scaling for web servers to be able to handle thousands of requests at the same time.

Bypassing NGINX web server to directly contact Gunicorn at port 8000:

 https://medium.com/@serdarilarslan/what-is-gunicorn-5e674fff131b

Not bypassing NGINX to contact Gunicorn at standard HTTP port (install Python & Gunicorn in app tier and Nginx in web tier to fwd http requests to app tier):

https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-serve-flask-applications-with-gunicorn-and-nginx-on-ubuntu-18-04

Unlike PHP that can be directly executed by Apache, PHP doesn't need a kind of WSGI.