We can say probability is a tool used to measure randomness.
Randomness is the phenomenon (the "what"), and probability is the mathematical measurement of the randomness (the "how much").
Because LLM uses public RAG (so if you ask LLM to generate code and new version library is released the code will not be the same) or search engine, probability and randomness, learning through interaction with users. This is why LLM is highly dynamic and evolving.
A token is the basic unit of data that Gemini models use for input and output. For text, one token is about 4 characters or 0.75 words. For other media, it represents a fixed "slice" of information, such as a patch of pixels or a fraction of a second.
| Gemini Model Tier | Input Price (≤200k) | Output Price (≤200k) | Input Price (>200k) | Output Price (>200k) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.1 Pro (Preview) | $2.00 | $12.00 | $4.00 | $18.00 |
| $1.25 | $10.00 | $2.50 | $15.00 | |
| 2.5 Flash | $0.30 | $2.50 | N/A* | N/A* |
| 2.5 Flash-Lite | $0.10 | $0.40 | N/A* | N/A* |
Apowerful, open-source semantic code analysis engine used to find security vulnerabilities and bugs by querying code as data. It treats source code as a relational database, allowing developers to write custom queries in a logic-based language (QL) to identify complex patterns, security flaws (SAST), and variants of known bugs.
import javascript: Loads the standard CodeQL library for JavaScript.from BlockStmt b: Defines a variable b that represents any "Block Statement" (code inside curly braces).where b.getNumStmt() = 0: Filters for blocks where the number of statements is exactly zero.select b, "...": Outputs the location of the empty block along with a descriptive message.
A massive retail facility combining a supermarket and a department store under one roof
Vibe Coding (คือการใช้ prompt สั่ง ai เขียนโค้ด)
This is the "buzziest" term of 2026. Coined by Andrej Karpathy, vibe coding refers to a high-level approach where the programmer focuses on the "vibe" (the intent and desired outcome) rather than the syntax.
• The Workflow: You describe the goal in natural language, and the AI handles the implementation.
• The Philosophy: It treats English (or your preferred natural language) as the "hottest new programming language."
2. Agentic Coding
When you move beyond simple snippets to full-scale development, it's called agentic coding. This involves using AI Agents that don't just write code but also:
• Plan the architecture.
• Execute the code in a sandbox.
• Debug errors by reading stack traces.
• Iteratively improve the output until it passes unit tests.
Explain RAG step 5:
In this step, the system takes two distinct inputs and merges them into a single coherent structure:
• The Original Query: The initial question or prompt provided in Step 1.
• The Retrieved Context: The specific "Similar docs" or text chunks found during the Similarity Search in Step 4. These are the external facts that the LLM was not originally trained on (such as private documents or real-time news).
Why this step matters
The goal of Step 5 is to construct a Rich Prompt. Instead of just asking the LLM a question blindly, the system essentially says:
"Using the following reference material: [Retrieved Context], please answer this question: [Query]."
การวิเคราะห์เชิงเส้นกำกับ: วิธีการหาฟังก์ชันอย่างง่าย (g(n)) มาแทนฟังก์ชันที่ซับซ้อน (f(n)) เพื่อดูการเติบโต เมื่อ n มีค่าสูงมากๆ
Big-O is an Asymptotic Notation for the worst case
https://www.engati.ai/glossary/asymptotic-notation
The term middleware in modern software architecture also refers to authentication layer or authorization layer.
Backend Typescript framework https://elysiajs.com/
Typescript:
TypeScript is a "superset" of JavaScript that adds static typing.
Think of it as JavaScript with a built-in spellchecker for your logic. While standard JavaScript lets you be flexible (sometimes to a fault), TypeScript forces you to define your data structures upfront, catching bugs before you even run your code.
The Workflow: You write .ts files, the compiler checks for errors, and then converts it into clean .js for the browser to run.
The Main Benefit: It prevents the dreaded "TypeErrors" (like trying to multiply a number by a string) that commonly crash apps.
The Catch: It requires an extra build step and a bit more initial setup than plain JavaScript.
https://opal.google
SEO (Search Engine Optimization) focuses on ranking in traditional, link-based search engine results (Google, Bing), while GEO (Generative Engine Optimization) optimizes content to be cited within AI-generated answers (Gemini, ChatGPT). SEO drives clicks via keywords/backlinks; GEO drives brand visibility by ensuring AI trusts and cites your content.
| Feature | SEO (Search Engine Optimization) | GEO (Generative Engine Optimization) |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Goal | High rankings, clicks, traffic | AI citation, brand visibility |
| Platforms | Google, Bing | ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity |
| Key Signals | Backlinks, Keywords, Page Speed | Factual accuracy, Entity authority |
| Content Style | Comprehensive, keyword-rich | Concise, structured, authoritative |